Product Guides
Roll Pin Guide: Types, Sizes, Installation & Removal
What Is a Roll Pin?A roll pin is a hollow, cylindrical fastener with a single longitudinal slot running the full length of its body. It is made from spring steel — formed into a cylinder that is slightly larger in diameter than the hole it is designed to fit. When you drive the pin into the hole, the slot closes under compression and the outer surface of the pin bears against the hole wall, creating an interference fit that holds the pin firmly in place without any threads, adhesive, or additional retention hardware.The working principle is straightforward: the pin is oversized, the hole is at nominal diameter, and the spring force of the compressed steel keeps the pin retained. It cannot vibrate out, it will not back off under load, and it requires no precision tolerancing in the hole — a standard jobber-drilled hole at nominal diameter is all that is needed.Roll pins are used wherever you need to lock a component to a shaft, create a pivot point, or retain a part in a fixed axial position. The most common application is securing gears, pulleys, sprockets, and levers to shafts — the pin passes through aligned holes in both the shaft and the component, locking them so they rotate or move together. They appear in agricultural machinery, industrial gearboxes, automotive linkages, conveying equipment, and general maintenance workshops across Australia.For a general overview of pin fastener types — including split pins, cotter pins, and clevis pins — see the Split Pin and Cotter Pin Guide and the Clevis Pin Guide.One Pin, Five NamesIf you have worked in the Australian trade for any length of time, you have heard roll pins called several different things. They are all the same product. Understanding the names matters: when you are at a fastener counter, all five of these terms might be used interchangeably by the person serving you, or printed on the packaging.Roll PinThe most widely used term in Australia and internationally. It describes how the pin is made: a flat sheet of spring steel, rolled into a cylindrical shape with the two edges forming the characteristic longitudinal slot. This is the term you will find in most supplier catalogues and engineering standards documentation.Spring PinThe technically correct generic term. A spring pin is any pin that uses spring force to retain itself in a hole — this covers both slotted and coiled designs. In practice, "spring pin" and "roll pin" are used interchangeably for the slotted type. The DIN and ISO standards use "spring pin" as the governing term. If a drawing specifies "spring pin" without further qualification, confirm whether slotted or coiled is intended before ordering.Sellock Pin / Selock Pin / Sel-LokA widely used Australian and UK trade name. "Sellock" — also spelled "selock," "sel-lok," or "sellok" — originated as a brand name and became genericised in the Australian hardware and fastener trade, in the same way "Biro" became the common word for a ballpoint pen. If a boilermaker, fitter, or maintenance tradie asks for a sellock pin in an Australian workshop, they want a standard metric roll pin. The Blackwoods catalogue lists them as "Pin Roll Spring Sel-Lok ZP." United Fasteners calls them "Sellock Spring Pins." Cost Less Bolts lists them as "Sel-Lock Spring Pin Metric." Different labels — exactly the same product.The term "sellock" carries particularly strong commercial intent in online searches — search data shows it attracting click costs of over $110 per click on paid search, reflecting the high purchase intent of people who use that specific trade vocabulary.Tension PinAnother name for the slotted spring pin, particularly common in North American industrial literature. The name refers to the working principle: the compressed pin creates radial tension against the hole wall. You will encounter this term in ASME B18.8.2 (the US imperial standard) and in some Australian engineering drawings that follow US conventions.Slotted Spring PinThe fully descriptive technical name: a spring pin, of the slotted (single-slot) variety. This distinguishes it explicitly from the coiled spring pin (covered in the next section). When a specification reads "slotted spring pin," it means this product — not a coiled type. The two are not interchangeable in all applications, and their dimensional and performance characteristics differ.Slotted vs Coiled Spring Pins: What is the Difference?There are two distinct types of spring pin on the market. They look superficially similar and serve the same fundamental purpose, but they have meaningfully different performance characteristics. Getting this right matters in applications that see sustained vibration, shock loading, or repeated assembly and disassembly cycles.Slotted Spring Pin (Roll Pin) — DIN 1481 / ISO 8752A single flat sheet of spring steel, rolled into a near-complete cylinder with one longitudinal slot. The cross-section is an open circle — a C-shape — with the two sheet edges forming the slot gap. When compressed into a hole, the slot closes partially and the outer cylindrical surface bears against the hole wall with high contact stress along the full length of the pin. This creates the interference fit that retains the component.Slotted spring pins are the economical standard for the majority of applications: single-direction or moderate loading, low-to-moderate vibration, and assemblies that are installed once and rarely disassembled. They are slightly stiffer than coiled pins and develop a higher initial radial force, which gives them excellent retention in standard drilled holes. They are the default choice in most Australian maintenance workshops.Limitations: In high-fatigue applications — repeated shock loading, sustained vibration, or cyclic stress — the single-wall cross-section can initiate a fatigue crack at the slot corners over time. These corners are the highest stress-concentration points in the pin geometry. Slot orientation also materially affects service life: installing a slotted pin in the wrong rotational orientation can reduce its useful life by up to 50%. For applications where these limitations matter, coiled pins are the upgrade path.Coiled Spring Pin (Spiral Pin) — DIN 1482 / ISO 8750A coiled spring pin is made from a strip of spring steel coiled approximately 2.25 turns around its axis. The result is a multi-layer cylinder: the cross-section shows two or more overlapping walls rather than a single wall. This fundamentally changes the performance profile.Because the coils can flex independently of each other, a coiled pin distributes load and radial force across multiple contact points simultaneously. Shock and vibration are absorbed far more effectively than with a slotted pin. There is no single stress-concentration point analogous to the slot corners on a slotted pin — fatigue resistance is substantially higher as a result.Key advantages of coiled pins: No slot orientation requirement: Because load is distributed symmetrically around the multi-coil cross-section, a coiled pin performs identically regardless of its rotational orientation during installation. A significant practical advantage in rapid-assembly production environments. Reusable in the same hole: Coiled pins can be removed and reinstalled in the same hole because the coil spring-back is consistent and the pin does not flare or deform during removal the way a slotted pin sometimes can. Better vibration and shock resistance: The multi-coil geometry damps micro-movement under vibration more effectively than the single-wall slotted design. When to choose coiled over slotted: high-vibration environments (agricultural machinery, mining equipment, drivetrains); applications with repeated assembly and disassembly; shock-load situations; and wherever pin fatigue life is a design concern. Coiled pins cost more than slotted pins — for most standard maintenance applications, slotted pins are sufficient.Interchangeability note: Slotted and coiled pins to the same nominal diameter and length have the same external dimensions and fit the same hole. They are dimensionally interchangeable for a direct replacement. However, their spring rates and radial forces differ — for a critical application, check the original specification before substituting one type for the other.Roll Pin MaterialsMost roll pins are carbon spring steel. For most applications that is all you need — but there are situations where material choice matters significantly. Getting it wrong causes corrosion, contamination, premature failure, or regulatory non-compliance in food and pharmaceutical applications.Carbon Spring Steel (Standard) — Zinc-PlatedTypically 1070 or equivalent high-carbon spring steel. Strong, elastic, good fatigue resistance, and the default choice for the vast majority of industrial, agricultural, and mechanical applications. Carbon steel roll pins are standardly supplied zinc-plated — bright zinc or yellow-chromate passivated — which provides a base level of corrosion protection for indoor and dry conditions. The zinc plating is not a heavy corrosion barrier: it is not suitable for outdoor long-term exposure, marine environments, or wet-process industrial plant without a material upgrade. Stainless Steel — Grade 420 (Most Common) or Grade 304Used where corrosion resistance is required: food processing equipment, marine hardware, outdoor and agricultural machinery exposed to weather, pumps handling corrosive media, and any application where the pin is in regular contact with moisture, cleaning chemicals, or salt. Grade 420 (martensitic stainless) provides better spring properties than austenitic grades and is the standard stainless choice for spring pins. Grade 304 is available for more aggressive environments. Stainless spring pins carry a significant cost premium over carbon steel and are less universally stocked; for critical applications, allow extra sourcing lead time. Alloy Steel (Hardened and Tempered)Used in very high shear and shock-load applications where standard carbon spring steel performance is insufficient. Less common in everyday maintenance work, but specified in heavy drivetrain applications, mining equipment, and high-cycle machinery where pin failure would cause significant consequential damage. Not a standard stock item — typically sourced to order.DIN 1481 / ISO 8752: Understanding the StandardMetric roll pins in Australia are manufactured and specified to DIN 1481 (the German industrial standard) or its direct equivalent ISO 8752. In practice these two standards describe the same product to the same dimensions, and the terms appear interchangeably on supplier datasheets and engineering drawings. ASME B18.8.2 is the equivalent US imperial standard, relevant when working on American-designed machinery.How to Read the DesignationA full DIN 1481 designation reads: Spring Pin DIN 1481 – 5 × 30. Breaking that down: DIN 1481 is the governing standard; 5 is the nominal pin diameter in millimetres; 30 is the pin length in millimetres. A 5 × 30 pin is 5 mm nominal diameter and 30 mm long. The actual manufactured diameter will be slightly larger than 5 mm — the standard specifies an oversized range so the pin compresses on insertion. For coiled pins, the governing standard is DIN 1482 / ISO 8750, with the same designation format.Hole ToleranceDIN 1481 specifies a hole tolerance of H13 or H14 at the nominal diameter. This corresponds to a relatively wide tolerance — the kind produced by a standard jobber drill bit drilling into steel without reaming. This is by design: roll pins work in standard drilled holes. This is the critical differentiator from dowel pins, which require a precision H7 reamed hole. If you are replacing a dowel pin with a roll pin, the existing hole is acceptable as-drilled. If you are replacing a roll pin with a dowel pin, the hole will need to be reamed to H7 tolerance.Chamfered EndsAll DIN 1481 spring pins have chamfers at both ends. The chamfer guides the pin into the hole mouth without the edge catching. Either end can go in first — there is no designated entry end on a standard roll pin.Roll Pin Sizes: Diameter, Length and Drill Size ChartThe most common question when ordering roll pins is: what drill size do I need? The answer is simple: drill the hole to the nominal pin diameter. A 5 mm roll pin goes into a 5 mm hole. The pin is manufactured oversize and will compress on entry. You do not drill undersize; you do not ream the hole. Nominal Dia (mm) Drill Size (mm) Approx Mfg OD Range (mm) Common Lengths (mm) Typical Use 1.5 1.5 1.55–1.65 6, 8, 10, 12 Small precision mechanisms, instruments 2 2 2.06–2.20 8, 10, 12, 16, 20 Light mechanisms, hinges, small shafts 2.5 2.5 2.57–2.72 10, 12, 16, 20 Light machinery, small pivots 3 3 3.08–3.24 10, 12, 16, 20, 25, 30 General machinery, bicycle components 4 4 4.10–4.30 12, 16, 20, 25, 30, 36 Gearboxes, agricultural equipment 5 5 5.12–5.35 16, 20, 25, 30, 36, 40, 50 Most common size — general engineering 6 6 6.14–6.42 20, 25, 30, 36, 40, 50, 60 Shafts, sprockets, medium-duty pivots 8 8 8.18–8.50 25, 30, 36, 40, 50, 60, 80 Heavy shafts, drivetrain components 10 10 10.22–10.60 30, 36, 40, 50, 60, 80, 100 Heavy-duty industrial machinery 12 12 12.26–12.72 40, 50, 60, 80, 100 High-load shaft retention Oversized hole warning: If the drilled hole is oversized beyond H14 tolerance, the pin will not develop sufficient radial force. The pin will be loose and may vibrate free or fail to transmit torque reliably. If the pin slides in by hand without resistance, the hole is too large. Options: use the next size up pin, bush the hole and re-drill, or switch to a precision dowel pin with a reamed close-tolerance hole.Pin length selection: For a through-pin locking a hub to a shaft, the pin length should equal or slightly exceed the outer diameter of the hub. Drive to flush or 0.5–1 mm below the outer surface. Protruding pins catch on housings and interfere with adjacent rotating components. Recessed pins are acceptable for most applications.How to Install a Roll PinRoll pin installation has a few critical details that tradespeople regularly get wrong. The two most common — wrong punch type and wrong slot orientation — are easy to avoid once you know what to look for.Tools Required Dedicated roll pin punch: A roll pin punch has a small raised nub on the driving face. This nub seats on the outer rim of the hollow pin and drives it from the wall — not from inside the bore. Do not use a standard flat-faced punch. A flat punch of the same diameter as the pin, or any punch smaller than the pin OD, can enter the hollow bore and splay the pin walls outward. Once expanded, the pin seizes in the hole and is effectively impossible to remove without destroying it and the bore. This is the most common and most preventable roll pin mistake. Always use a dedicated roll pin punch. Hammer or arbor press: A hammer works for most installations. An arbor press gives more controlled vertical entry and is preferred for tight assemblies and production environments. Light lubricant (optional): A small amount of machine oil on the pin OD eases installation in tight holes. Use food-safe lubricant for food-adjacent applications. Step-by-Step Installation Drill the hole to the nominal pin diameter. For a 5 mm pin, use a 5 mm drill bit. No reaming required. Deburr the hole mouth if there is a raised burr from drilling. A sharp burr can deflect the pin on entry. Align the component and shaft so the holes are concentric and fully in-line. For slotted pins: set the slot orientation before driving (see section below). Present the pin chamfered end first into the hole mouth. Position the roll pin punch on the rim of the pin and confirm the nub is seated on the outer rim, not inside the bore. Drive the pin with controlled, progressive hammer blows. Do not use a single heavy strike — progressive driving keeps the pin aligned. Drive to flush or 0.5–1 mm below the surface. Do not leave the pin protruding. Slot Orientation: Why It MattersThis is the most underappreciated technical detail in roll pin installation, and it causes a disproportionate number of premature fatigue failures.In a slotted spring pin, the slot is the structural weak point. The pin's bending stiffness is lowest in the plane through the slot opening. If the primary load acts through that plane, the pin flexes more and increases bending stress at the slot corners — the fatigue crack initiation sites. Engineering data shows that a slotted pin with the slot parallel to the primary load direction can have service life reduced by up to 50%.The rule: orient the slot perpendicular to the primary load direction. For a shaft-to-hub connection locking a gear, pulley, or sprocket: orient the slot so it faces toward and away from the shaft axis — perpendicular to the shaft centreline, not along it. For a pivot pin with primarily bending load: orient the slot at 90° to the bending load direction.Coiled spring pins require no orientation. The multi-coil cross-section distributes load symmetrically. For applications where slot orientation is difficult to control during assembly, coiled pins eliminate the requirement entirely.How to Remove a Roll PinThrough-hole removal is straightforward. Blind-hole removal is where problems arise — and where the wrong approach damages the hole, the component, or both.Through-Hole RemovalPosition the roll pin punch — nub on the rim — and drive steadily from one side. If the pin is seized from corrosion, apply penetrating oil, wait at least 15 minutes, and try again before applying more force. Forcing a corroded pin without penetrant risks distorting the bore.Blind Hole Removal — Four MethodsA blind hole does not pass all the way through the component. The pin goes in from one side only. Standard punch-through removal is not possible. These are the four methods that work:Method 1: Grease HydraulicPack the hollow bore of the pin completely full of thick grease — no air gaps. Find a punch that is a close fit to the inside bore diameter. Drive the punch firmly into the grease-filled bore. The incompressible grease transmits hydraulic force to the closed end of the pin and presses it back out of the hole. This is the cleanest method when the bore is accessible. A well-fitting punch is essential — a loose punch just displaces the grease without building pressure.Method 2: Tap MethodRun a tap of appropriate size into the hollow bore to cut threads into the bore wall. Thread a bolt or stud into the tapped bore, then pull with a slide hammer or bearing puller. Do not over-torque the tap — spring steel is hard, and the goal is to thread the bore wall, not break the tap.Method 3: Self-Tapping ScrewDrive a self-tapping screw into the hollow bore until it bites firmly. Use the screw head as the extraction grip point — lever against the surrounding surface or attach a slide hammer. Best for larger pin sizes (6 mm and above) where the bore is wide enough to accept a useful self-tapping screw.Method 4: Heat Annealing Heat the area around the pin to approximately 400–500°C — a dull red on the steel surface. The heat anneals the spring steel, relaxing the temper and eliminating the radial interference force. Once cooled, the pin can be removed with minimal force. Caveats: this permanently destroys the pin. Never use heat near seals, O-rings, flammable fluids, or lubricants. Use appropriate PPE — heat-resistant gloves, safety glasses, face shield.Common MistakesThese four mistakes account for the overwhelming majority of roll pin installation and removal failures encountered in Australian maintenance workshops.1. Wrong Punch — Expanding the Pin in the BoreThe most common and most costly roll pin mistake. A flat punch or a punch smaller than the pin OD enters the hollow bore on contact. Every hammer blow then expands the pin walls outward. The more you drive, the more firmly the pin locks in place. The pin generally cannot be driven out at this point — it needs to be drilled out, which risks the bore. Fix: use a dedicated roll pin punch with a nub that seats on the outer rim.2. Drilling the Hole OversizedIf the hole is drilled oversize — even half a millimetre in smaller pin sizes — the pin will not develop enough spring force to create a reliable interference fit. The pin vibrates free, walks under cyclic loading, or fails to transmit torque. If the pin slides in by hand without resistance, the hole is too big. Remedies: use the next pin size up, bush and re-drill, or redesign the joint.3. Wrong Slot Orientation on High-Load ApplicationsFor slotted pins in torque-transmitting or vibration-prone applications, the slot must be perpendicular to the primary load direction. Ignoring this on a gearbox shaft or drivetrain pin can halve service life. Where correct slot orientation is difficult to guarantee, switch to coiled spring pins.4. Using a Roll Pin as a Shear PinA common and damaging mistake in agricultural and outdoor power equipment. A shear pin is soft and designed to break cleanly under overload, protecting the drivetrain. A roll pin is spring steel — engineered not to fail. If substituted for a shear pin on a PTO drive, auger, or mower deck, the roll pin will not break when the system overloads. The force travels into the gearbox and driven components instead, causing far more damage. Always replace shear pins with the correct specified material.Common ApplicationsRoll pins appear across a wide range of mechanical assemblies in Australian industry, agriculture, and engineering maintenance.Gear and Sprocket Retention on ShaftsThe most common application. The pin passes through aligned holes in the shaft and hub, locking the gear, sprocket, or pulley so it rotates with the shaft. For light to medium duty torque transmission this is simple, economical, and reliable. For high torque or precision gearboxes, a key and keyway is more appropriate — follow the original design specification.Pivot Pins and Hinge PinsRoll pins create pivot points in mechanical linkages, agricultural implement joints, loader arms, and manually operated mechanisms. The interference fit keeps the pin from walking out longitudinally under cyclic loading without any secondary retention hardware.Handle and Lever RetentionTool handles, valve handles, and lever mechanisms are commonly retained by a single roll pin through the handle socket and the shaft or stem. Quick to install, easy to replace when a handle is damaged.Agricultural MachineryRoll pins appear throughout tractors, planting equipment, harvesters, spreaders, and three-point linkage implements. They are a standard maintenance consumable on Australian farms. Remember: they are not interchangeable with shear pins on PTO drives and cutting mechanisms.Automotive and Vehicle MaintenanceGearshift linkages, brake linkages, steering columns, and door latch mechanisms commonly use roll pins. Always match the original OEM diameter and material when replacing in automotive applications.General Engineering MaintenanceFor maintenance teams, roll pins are a standard consumable. Keeping an assortment of common metric sizes on the shelf — 2 mm through 8 mm in typical lengths — covers the majority of routine replacement tasks without sourcing individual sizes on short notice.Roll Pin vs Dowel Pin vs Cotter Pin vs Shear PinPin fasteners cover a range of designs and purposes. Here is how roll pins compare with the three other pin types most commonly encountered in Australian maintenance and engineering work. Feature Roll Pin (Spring Pin) Dowel Pin Cotter / Split Pin Shear Pin Function Lock component to shaft; interference-fit retention Precision alignment of mating components Secondary locking — prevents nut or pin backing out Controlled failure — overload protection Material Spring steel (1070), stainless 420, alloy Hardened alloy steel, stainless; precision-ground Mild steel, brass, stainless Soft brass, Grade 2 steel, proprietary alloy Hole requirement Standard drilled hole — nominal diameter, H13/H14 Precision-reamed hole — H7 (tight fit) Drilled hole — loose tolerance acceptable Drilled to OEM specification Vibration resistance Excellent — self-retaining interference fit Good in static assembly; needs secondary retention dynamically Good — bent legs prevent back-out N/A — designed to fail under overload Reusable? Slotted: inspect before reuse. Coiled: yes (same hole) Yes, with care No — always replace after removal No — replace after shear When to use Lock gear/hub to shaft; pivot; hinge; quick assembly Precision alignment in static assembly Lock castle nut; retain clevis or axle pin PTO shaft; auger drive; snowblower impeller The practical rule: use a roll pin to lock a component to a shaft where precision location is not required. Use a dowel pin where precision alignment in a static joint is required (and ream the hole to H7). Use a split/cotter pin as secondary retention on a nut, clevis pin, or axle. Use the correct specified shear pin — never a roll pin — where the fastener must break under overload.See the Split Pin and Cotter Pin Guide and the Clevis Pin Guide for detail on those fastener types. For fastener metric sizing context, see the Metric vs Imperial Fasteners Guide.AIMS Industrial Spring Pin RangeAIMS Industrial stocks metric slotted spring pins (DIN 1481) in carbon steel and stainless steel, covering sizes 2 mm through 8 mm in the most common lengths. All sizes are sold individually or in bulk packs to suit workshop stock requirements.For maintenance teams who need a broad size range without ordering individually, the Champion CA1715 Spring Pin Assortment Kit is a practical solution: 18 metric sizes from 2 mm to 6 mm, 360 pieces total, in a labelled assortment case. It covers the majority of routine replacement sizes in a single purchase.View the full AIMS spring pin range. If you need a size, material, or quantity not listed online, get in touch — we can source to order.Frequently Asked QuestionsWhat is a roll pin?A roll pin is a hollow spring steel cylinder with a single longitudinal slot along its length. It is manufactured slightly oversized relative to the hole it fits. When driven in, the slot closes under compression and the pin springs against the hole wall, creating an interference fit that retains the pin without threads or adhesive. Roll pins are used to lock components such as gears, pulleys, and levers to shafts, and as pivot and hinge pins in mechanical assemblies.What is the difference between a roll pin and a spring pin?There is no functional difference — they are the same product. "Roll pin" describes how it is made (a sheet of spring steel rolled into a cylinder). "Spring pin" is the broader engineering term that appears in DIN 1481 and ISO 8752. Both names refer to the same slotted, hollow, spring-steel cylinder. The potential for confusion is that "spring pin" technically also covers coiled spring pins, which are a distinct product — so when precision matters, specify "slotted spring pin" or "roll pin" to be unambiguous.What is a sellock pin or selock pin?A sellock pin (also spelled selock or sel-lok) is the Australian and UK trade name for a standard roll pin or slotted spring pin. The term originated as a brand name and became genericised in the Australian fastener trade — the same way "Biro" became the common word for a ballpoint pen. If a tradesperson asks for a sellock pin, they want a standard metric DIN 1481 slotted spring pin. Blackwoods, United Fasteners, and Cost Less Bolts all stock them under this name. Same product, different label.What is a tension pin?A tension pin is another name for a slotted spring pin (roll pin), used mainly in North American industrial literature and in specifications following ASME B18.8.2. The name refers to the working principle: the compressed pin exerts radial tension against the hole wall. In Australian usage, "roll pin" and "sellock pin" are more common terms for the same product.What is the difference between a slotted spring pin and a coiled spring pin?A slotted spring pin (roll pin) is made from a single sheet of spring steel rolled into a C-shape with one slot. A coiled spring pin is made from a strip of spring steel coiled approximately 2.25 turns, giving a multi-layer cross-section. Coiled pins have better fatigue resistance, absorb vibration and shock more effectively, require no slot orientation during installation, and can be reused in the same hole. They cost more. For most standard maintenance applications, slotted pins are sufficient. For high-vibration, high-cycle, or shock-load applications, coiled pins are the better choice.What size hole do you drill for a roll pin?Drill the hole to the nominal pin diameter. For a 5 mm roll pin, drill a 5 mm hole. Roll pins are manufactured oversize and compress on entry to create the interference fit. No reaming is required. If the pin slides in by hand without any resistance, the hole is too large — use the next size up or bush and re-drill.How do you install a roll pin correctly?Drill to nominal diameter, align the components, and present the pin chamfered end first. Use a dedicated roll pin punch — it has a nub on the face that seats on the rim of the hollow pin, preventing the punch from entering the bore and expanding the walls. Drive with steady progressive blows to flush or slightly below the surface. For slotted pins, orient the slot perpendicular to the primary load direction before driving. Do not use a standard flat punch — it will enter the bore and seize the pin.Which way should the slot face when installing a roll pin?Orient the slot perpendicular to the primary load direction. For a shaft-to-hub connection (gear, pulley, or sprocket on a shaft), orient the slot so it faces toward and away from the shaft axis — not along it. Incorrect slot orientation can reduce service life by up to 50% in high-load or high-cycle applications. Coiled spring pins require no orientation — they perform identically regardless of rotational position.What happens if you use the wrong punch size on a roll pin?If you use a flat punch or a punch that is smaller than the pin OD, it enters the hollow bore of the pin rather than bearing on the rim. Every hammer blow then expands the pin walls outward against the hole. The more you drive, the more firmly the pin locks itself in place — at this point it generally needs to be drilled out, which risks damaging the bore. Always use a dedicated roll pin punch with a nub that seats on the outer rim of the pin.How do you remove a roll pin from a blind hole?Four methods work for blind holes: (1) Grease hydraulic — pack the hollow bore completely with grease, use a close-fitting punch to drive into the bore, and hydraulic pressure forces the pin out. (2) Tap method — run a tap into the bore to cut threads, thread in a bolt, and pull with a slide hammer or bearing puller. (3) Self-tapping screw — drive a self-tapper into the bore and lever against the surface. (4) Heat annealing — heat to dull red (~400–500°C) to relax the spring temper; the pin can then be removed with minimal force. Note: heat permanently destroys the pin and must not be used near seals or flammable materials.Can you reuse a roll pin?Coiled spring pins can be reused in the same hole because their spring-back is consistent and they do not typically flare or deform on removal. Slotted spring pins can theoretically be reused if undamaged — inspect for flaring at the ends, cracking at slot corners, or deformation of the bore. In practice, slotted pins are inexpensive enough that replacement is standard practice. Never reuse a slotted pin removed from a corroded or oversized hole.Can I use a roll pin as a shear pin?No. A shear pin is a deliberately weak component — made from soft brass, Grade 2 steel, or a specific alloy — designed to break cleanly under overload, protecting the gearbox and driven components. A roll pin is spring steel: tough, hard, and engineered not to fail. Substituting a roll pin for a shear pin on a PTO drive, auger, or mower deck means the pin will not break when the drivetrain overloads. The force travels into the gearbox and downstream components instead, causing far more expensive damage. Always replace shear pins with the correct specified material.What is the difference between a roll pin and a dowel pin?A roll pin is a hollow, slotted spring steel cylinder that fits a standard drilled hole (H13/H14 tolerance) and retains itself by interference fit. A dowel pin is a solid, precision-ground cylinder that requires a reamed H7 hole and is used for precision alignment of mating components in static assemblies. Roll pins tolerate loose hole tolerances and resist vibration well. Dowel pins require precision reaming and are used where dimensional repeatability is critical — engine blocks, jig fixtures, precision machinery. The two are not interchangeable in precision-alignment applications.What material should I choose for a roll pin?Carbon spring steel zinc-plated is the standard choice for indoor or dry industrial applications. Stainless steel Grade 420 is required for corrosion-prone environments: food processing, marine, outdoor machinery, and wet-process plant. Alloy steel suits very high shear or shock-load applications where spring steel performance is insufficient. For standard maintenance applications, carbon steel zinc-plated is the correct default.What roll pins does AIMS Industrial stock?AIMS Industrial stocks metric slotted spring pins (DIN 1481) in carbon steel and stainless steel, in sizes 2 mm to 8 mm across the most common lengths. The Champion CA1715 assortment kit (18 sizes, 2–6 mm, 360 pieces) is also available. View the full range at aimsindustrial.com.au/fasteners/pins/spring-pins/, or contact the team for sizes or quantities not listed. Our Tap Types guide covers every cutting and forming tap variant with material-specific selection rules. For pop-rivet guns and nutsert tools, browse the AIMS rivet tools collection. Need roll groove fittings? Browse the AIMS range at roll groove fittings.
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Clevis Pin Guide: Types, Sizes, Materials, and Retention Methods
A clevis pin is an unthreaded cylindrical fastener that passes through a clevis bracket and a mating component to form a pivoting joint. Unlike a bolt, a clevis pin is retained at the open end by a split pin, R-clip or nut rather than by threading — making the joint quick to assemble, disassemble and adjust while allowing free rotation between the connected parts. Clevis pins are found throughout Australian industry: tractor three-point linkages, hydraulic ram ends, conveyor pivot arms, wire rope turnbuckle jaws, rigging assemblies, trailer couplings and agricultural implement connections all rely on them. This guide covers types, DIN 1444 metric sizes, materials, retention methods and how to identify a replacement when you no longer have the original specification. Clevis Pin Sizes — Metric Reference Table (DIN 1444) — Quick Reference The table below covers the most common DIN 1444 Form B metric clevis pin sizes stocked in the Australian market. Lengths shown are standard stock lengths; non-standard lengths are available to order for volume requirements. Nominal Diameter Common Stock Lengths Cross-Hole Dia. Typical Application 5mm 20, 25, 30mm 1.6mm Light linkages, small instrument pivots, light sheet metal brackets 6mm 20, 25, 30, 40mm 2.0mm Small hydraulic linkages, light conveyor pivots, bicycle and light vehicle linkages 8mm 25, 30, 40, 50mm 2.5mm Medium equipment pivots, small brake and throttle linkages, light implement connections 10mm 30, 40, 50, 60mm 3.2mm Agricultural 3-point linkage (light implements), medium machinery pivots, gate hardware 12mm 40, 50, 60, 80mm 4.0mm Heavy agricultural connections, trailer pivot points, medium hydraulic cylinder pins 16mm 50, 60, 80, 100mm 5.0mm Drawbar connections, heavy plant pivots, large trailer coupling connections 20mm 60, 80, 100, 120mm 6.3mm Heavy construction plant, large hydraulic rams (boom and arm pins), marine rigging assemblies 25mm 80, 100, 120, 150mm 8.0mm Very heavy plant, large rigging assemblies, mining equipment pivots 30mm 100, 120, 150mm 8.0mm Heavy-duty lifting gear, large mining and earthmoving equipment pivot connections What Is a Clevis Pin? The name comes from the clevis — a U-shaped or forked bracket with aligned holes through both ears. The clevis pin slides through one ear, then through the mating part (a rod eye, chain link, shackle or bracket), then out through the other ear. A retaining device through the cross-hole at the exposed end prevents the pin from backing out. Clevis pin retention via cotter pin is one method — for the castellated-nut-plus-cotter-pin alternative used on rotating shafts and wheel hubs, see the AIMS castle nut guide. Because the pin is unthreaded and free to rotate within the hole, it creates a true pivot joint: the connected components can rotate relative to one another around the pin axis without generating thread fatigue or loosening torque. This is why clevis pins are preferred over bolts wherever cyclical rotation, oscillation or angular movement occurs under load. The three-part assembly — clevis bracket, clevis pin, retaining device — is one of the oldest and most reliable mechanical joints in engineering. In the Australian agricultural and industrial context, you will see it referred to variously as a hitch pin, drawbar pin, linch pin (though that is technically a different fastener) or simply a clevis. Whatever the local name, the geometry and function are identical. A clevis pin is a shear-loaded fastener. In double-shear (the standard clevis arrangement where both ears of the bracket are engaged), the pin carries the applied load across two shear planes simultaneously. This is more efficient than a bolt in the same arrangement, and is why clevis pins of modest diameter can handle surprisingly high loads when the material and geometry are correctly matched to the application. Types of Clevis Pins Standard Clevis Pin (DIN 1444 Form B) The most common type. Has a domed or flat head at one end and a cross-hole drilled through the shank near the other end for a split pin or R-clip. Available in metric diameters M5 through M30 and a range of grip lengths. This is the pin you will find in most general industrial, agricultural and lifting applications in Australia. The Form B designation confirms the cross-hole is present — Form A (no cross-hole) is less common and used only where an alternative retention method is designed into the assembly. Headless / Shoulder Clevis Pin Used where the pin must pass through from one side only, or where head clearance above the clevis ear is restricted. Common in hydraulic cylinder rod-end and base-end connections and precision pivot assemblies on production machinery. The shoulder (a step-down diameter) provides the retention face at one end; the cross-hole or snap-ring groove retains the other end. On hydraulic cylinders, the shoulder pin is often retained by a snap ring (circlip) seated in a groove machined into the clevis ear rather than by an external split pin. Multi-Hole Clevis Pin Has multiple cross-holes drilled along the shank at regular intervals, allowing the effective grip length to be adjusted without removing the pin from the clevis assembly. Used extensively in three-point linkage systems, cultivator frames, toolbar connections and implement height adjusters, where the operator needs to set depth or position increments in the field without a toolkit. The Champion CPMH01 range stocked by AIMS is a typical example: two or more holes let the operator select the engagement point by repositioning the R-clip. Threaded-End Clevis Pin Has a standard domed head at one end and a threaded shank at the other, retained by a nyloc nut and washer. Used in applications where positive, non-backing-out retention is required and tool access at the retention end is available. Less common in field-service applications than the split-pin type but preferred in fixed machinery where vibration is high and the joint is not designed for frequent adjustment. The nut should be tightened to a snug fit — not hard torqued — to preserve free rotation of the pin in the clevis. DIN 1444 — The Standard That Applies in Australia Australian industry uses metric clevis pins manufactured to DIN 1444 (German standard, widely adopted internationally), which defines two forms: Form A — head only, no cross-hole. Used where the pin is retained by another method (circlip groove, grub screw, press fit) or where the assembly is not intended for field disassembly. Form B — head plus cross-hole drilled through the shank near the retention end. The standard workshop and field-service pin. This is what AIMS stocks and what you will find in most hardware and industrial supply catalogues in Australia. The DIN 1444 standard specifies nominal diameter, tolerance class (typically h11 — a slightly loose fit to allow rotation), cross-hole diameter and position, and head dimensions. The h11 tolerance means a 10mm DIN 1444 clevis pin will have an actual diameter of 9.94–10.00mm. The mating clevis holes are typically drilled to 10.5mm (normal fit) for easy assembly and to allow the joint to rotate freely without binding. The standard also specifies the cross-hole diameter relative to pin diameter, so split pins and R-clips sized to the pin will fit correctly without play. A 10mm DIN 1444 pin has a 3.2mm cross-hole; a 12mm pin has a 4.0mm cross-hole; a 16mm pin has a 5.0mm cross-hole. This relationship is what allows you to select the correct split pin simply by knowing the clevis pin diameter. Imperial clevis pins made to ANSI/ASME standards are still in use in Australia, primarily on older US-manufactured agricultural equipment, some British-origin machinery and North American-sourced trailers and attachments. These use inch-fraction diameters and their cross-holes are sized to inch-fraction split pins and R-clips. Where you have a mix of metric clevis hardware and imperial-specification pins on the same machine, do not interchange them without checking the hole sizes match — the dimensional tolerance system differs between DIN and ANSI. Clevis Pin Sizes — Metric Reference Table (DIN 1444) The table below covers the most common DIN 1444 Form B metric clevis pin sizes stocked in the Australian market. Lengths shown are standard stock lengths; non-standard lengths are available to order for volume requirements. Nominal Diameter Common Stock Lengths Cross-Hole Dia. Typical Application 5mm 20, 25, 30mm 1.6mm Light linkages, small instrument pivots, light sheet metal brackets 6mm 20, 25, 30, 40mm 2.0mm Small hydraulic linkages, light conveyor pivots, bicycle and light vehicle linkages 8mm 25, 30, 40, 50mm 2.5mm Medium equipment pivots, small brake and throttle linkages, light implement connections 10mm 30, 40, 50, 60mm 3.2mm Agricultural 3-point linkage (light implements), medium machinery pivots, gate hardware 12mm 40, 50, 60, 80mm 4.0mm Heavy agricultural connections, trailer pivot points, medium hydraulic cylinder pins 16mm 50, 60, 80, 100mm 5.0mm Drawbar connections, heavy plant pivots, large trailer coupling connections 20mm 60, 80, 100, 120mm 6.3mm Heavy construction plant, large hydraulic rams (boom and arm pins), marine rigging assemblies 25mm 80, 100, 120, 150mm 8.0mm Very heavy plant, large rigging assemblies, mining equipment pivots 30mm 100, 120, 150mm 8.0mm Heavy-duty lifting gear, large mining and earthmoving equipment pivot connections A note on grip length: The grip length is the usable shank length between the underside of the head and the centre of the cross-hole. When ordering, confirm that the grip length matches the combined thickness of the clevis ears and the mating part. The cross-hole should clear the outer clevis ear face by at least 3–5mm to allow the split pin legs to be spread or the R-clip to seat fully. Tolerance and fit: DIN 1444 Form B pins are manufactured to h11 tolerance. The mating hole in the clevis bracket should be drilled to H12 tolerance for a normal running fit, or H11 for a close fit. For standard off-the-shelf clevis hardware (turnbuckles, connecting links, hydraulic cylinder rod ends), the clearance fit is designed into the product — simply match the pin diameter to the specified pin size for that fitting. Imperial Clevis Pin Sizes For workshops maintaining older US-origin or British-origin equipment, the following imperial sizes are the most commonly encountered in Australia. Imperial sizes are typically specified in fractional inches for the diameter and whole or fractional inches for the length. Imperial Diameter Metric Equivalent Common Lengths Typical Application 3/16" 4.76mm 3/4", 1", 1-1/4" Light implement connections, cable clevis fittings 1/4" 6.35mm 3/4", 1", 1-1/2" Small drawbar links, trailer safety chain connections 5/16" 7.94mm 1", 1-1/2", 2" Medium agricultural attachments, light lifting hardware 3/8" 9.53mm 1", 1-1/2", 2", 2-1/2" Standard implement hitch pins on older US equipment 1/2" 12.7mm 1-1/2", 2", 2-1/2", 3" Drawbar clevis connections, heavy implements 5/8" 15.88mm 2", 2-1/2", 3", 4" Heavy drawbar, tractor three-point top link (US-spec) 3/4" 19.05mm 2-1/2", 3", 4", 5" Heavy plant, large trailer couplings, US-spec drawbars The Metric/Imperial Crossover Problem in Australian Agriculture This is a real practical issue. Many tractors and implements sold in Australia from the mid-2000s onwards — particularly Chinese-manufactured machines sold under Australian brand names — use clevis geometry that sits between the metric and imperial systems. A nominally 10mm metric clevis hole may accept a 3/8" (9.53mm) imperial pin with slightly looser clearance, and vice versa. This occurs because the Chinese manufacturing supply chain has historically mixed metric and imperial tooling, and the dimensional differences at these sizes are small enough that the pin physically fits even though it is not the correct specification. The practical guidance: if you are replacing a worn pin on Asian-origin equipment and cannot find the original specification, measure the clevis hole diameter in millimetres. If the measurement is exactly a metric value (10.0mm, 12.0mm, 16.0mm), specify a DIN 1444 metric pin. If the measurement corresponds to an imperial fraction (9.5mm ≈ 3/8", 12.7mm = 1/2"), specify an imperial pin. If in doubt, specify the metric size that is closest to the measurement and check the fit before committing to a batch. A metric DIN 1444 pin is usually the safer choice in Australia as it is more widely stocked and its tolerance system is better documented. Clevis Pin Materials Mild Steel, Zinc-Plated (Grade 4.6 Equivalent) The standard material for general industrial and agricultural use. Zinc electroplating (typically 5–8 microns) provides moderate corrosion resistance suitable for sheltered environments, workshop use and most field conditions where the pin will be periodically replaced as a wear item. The steel substrate is mild steel with a minimum tensile strength of around 400 MPa, adequate for the shear loads in standard DIN 1444 applications. Hot-dip galvanised clevis pins are also available for outdoor agricultural applications where corrosion resistance must outlast a regular maintenance cycle. The thicker zinc layer (85 microns minimum to AS/NZS 4680) provides significantly better protection at the cost of slightly reduced dimensional precision. Zinc-plated mild steel is not suitable for permanently wet, coastal, food-processing or chemical environments. In those applications, specify stainless steel. Grade 316 Stainless Steel The correct choice for marine, coastal, food-processing and chemical-processing environments. Grade 316 contains 2–3% molybdenum, which provides significantly better pitting and crevice corrosion resistance than Grade 304 in the presence of chlorides — including seawater, salt-laden coastal air and chlorinated cleaning solutions. If a clevis pin is used in rigging on a boat, near a harbour, in carwash equipment, in seafood processing, in coastal outdoor applications or in any chemical plant with halide exposure, Grade 316 is the minimum acceptable specification. Tensile strength of 316 stainless is typically 515–690 MPa depending on temper and form — comparable to Grade 4.6 mild steel for most clevis pin applications. The significant benefit is corrosion resistance, not strength. Do not substitute Grade 304 for Grade 316 in saltwater or chloride environments. Crevice corrosion and pitting failure in Grade 304 clevis pins used in marine rigging is a documented failure mode that can lead to pin seizure, fracture or the inability to disassemble the joint. Grade 304 Stainless Steel Suitable for general corrosion resistance in non-marine, non-chloride environments. Commonly used in food-preparation areas where cleaning agents are mild (no chlorine-based sanitisers), in refrigeration equipment, in light outdoor applications not subject to salt exposure, and in chemical environments where chlorides are absent. Grade 304 is significantly cheaper than Grade 316 and is adequate for many industrial applications, but its chloride corrosion resistance limit must be respected. High-Tensile Steel (Grade 8.8 Equivalent and Above) Used where a clevis pin is load-rated and the shear strength of a standard DIN 1444 Grade 4.6 equivalent pin is insufficient for the application. Lifting shackle pins, clevis shortening hooks, crane rigging hardware and rated agricultural drawbar connections use high-tensile or alloy steel pins with defined Working Load Limits (WLL). These are not general-purpose DIN 1444 pins — they will have a WLL, grade marking and/or traceability number stamped on them. They must be used within their rated limits and must not be substituted with standard commercial clevis pins. AIMS stocks rated clevis lifting hardware (Grade 80 and Grade 100 clevis hooks and master links) as separate products from the standard DIN 1444 pin range. If you are selecting a pin for a safety-critical or load-rated lifting application, contact AIMS to confirm the correct rated product. Retention Methods Split Pin (Cotter Pin) The most common retention method for DIN 1444 Form B clevis pins. A split pin — also called a cotter pin in American usage — is inserted through the cross-hole and the two legs are spread outward (typically at 90° to each other, with one leg bent back) to resist withdrawal. The split pin provides positive, visible retention: if the split pin is missing, the joint is immediately identifiable as unretained. Split pins are one-use items — once bent, they must be replaced on reassembly. Attempting to re-use a bent split pin risks fatigue fracture of the leg during or after installation. Always carry spare split pins of the correct diameter when working on agricultural or industrial equipment in the field. See the Split Pin & Cotter Pin Guide for full sizing, types and installation guidance. Size the split pin to the cross-hole diameter in the DIN 1444 specification for the pin diameter. R-Clip (Hairpin Cotter / Lynch Pin) A spring-steel wire formed into an R or hairpin profile that clips through the cross-hole and springs outward to resist withdrawal. Tool-free installation and removal — the key advantage over split pins in applications where the joint is frequently adjusted: agricultural implement depth settings, drawbar length adjusters and toolbar connection points. R-clips are reusable through many cycles. R-clips must be inspected regularly and replaced when fatigued. A correctly tensioned new R-clip provides substantial retention force from the spring action; a worn, flattened or permanently deformed R-clip may fall out of the cross-hole under vibration. R-clips are the correct choice for frequently adjusted connections, but are not the right choice where positive, tamper-evident retention is required and the joint is rarely disassembled. Wire Lock Pin (Safety Pin) A solid pin body with an integrated spring-wire lock. The wire passes through the cross-hole and locks automatically. Provides secure, vibration-resistant retention while remaining tool-free for removal. Used on lifting equipment, safety-critical pivot connections and applications where an R-clip may vibrate loose under sustained cyclic loading. The wire lock must be fully seated in the cross-hole to be effective — inspect before use. Nut and Washer (Threaded-End Pins) For threaded-end clevis pins, a standard or nyloc nut with a flat washer provides the retention. The nut should be tightened to a snug fit that eliminates axial float — not torqued hard, as over-tightening binds the joint and generates lateral side loads on the pin. Use a nyloc nut wherever vibration is present to prevent self-loosening. In high-vibration applications, a castle nut with a split pin through a drilled shank may be the most reliable option. Roll pins serve a different retention function — they lock a component to a shaft by interference fit rather than retaining a pin against withdrawal. For gear, sprocket, and lever retention on rotating shafts using a spring steel roll pin, see the Roll Pin (Spring Pin) Guide. Agricultural and Heavy Equipment Applications Clevis pins are among the most frequently replaced consumable fasteners in Australian agricultural and construction equipment. The high-cycle loading of three-point linkage connections, hydraulic top link attachments and drawbar links causes progressive wear in both the pin and the clevis ears, typically appearing as a loose, rattling joint before connection failure. Three-Point Linkage (3PL) Pins Australian tractor manufacturers generally follow the ASAE/ISO Category system for three-point linkage pin dimensions. These are commonly referred to as Cat 1, Cat 2 or Cat 3 pins in Australian rural supplies: Category 1: Lower link pin 22.4mm diameter, top link pin 19.3mm diameter. Suits compact and mid-range tractors. Category 2: Lower link pin 28.7mm diameter, top link pin 25.5mm diameter. Suits medium to large farm tractors. Category 3: Lower link pin 37.4mm diameter, top link pin 31.8mm diameter. Suits large four-wheel drive tractors and high-horsepower implements. Standard Australian rural supply outlets stock pins to these specifications in mild steel (zinc or galvanised), Grade 316 stainless, and hardened steel for high-wear applications. Category pins are retained by R-clips or lynch pins in almost all field applications for ease of implement changeover. Hydraulic Cylinder Connections Hydraulic cylinder rod-end and base-end clevis connections use shoulder or headless pins in most designs. The pin diameter is specified in the cylinder's engineering data and must be matched exactly — an undersized pin will wear rapidly under the side-loading from cylinder force vectors. On excavators, loaders and agricultural hydraulic systems, these pins are designed as replaceable wear items with defined service intervals. Hardened or case-hardened pins are preferred in high-cycle applications to extend service life. Drawbar and Towing Connections Drawbar clevis connections on trailers and agricultural equipment use larger-diameter pins (typically 16–32mm) and must be selected to carry the drawbar tongue weight and dynamic tow loads. In transport applications subject to Australian Road Rules requirements, the pin and clevis assembly must meet the coupling rating (typically expressed as a D-value or tow rating in the vehicle or equipment certification). Do not substitute a lighter pin for a rated tow coupling pin. Marine and Rigging Applications Clevis pins in marine rigging are a specialised application with requirements distinct from general industrial use. Wire rope terminations (swaged fittings, Sta-Lok, Norseman), turnbuckle jaw ends and chainplates all rely on clevis pins that must meet a different standard: Material without exception: Grade 316 stainless steel in all saltwater environments. Grade 304 is not acceptable. Retention: In standing rigging, clevis pins are typically retained with a stainless split ring (cotter ring) rather than a split pin, to prevent sharp bent-leg ends from snagging sails, lines or crew. Some class rules and manufacturers specify a specific retention method — check the rig specification before changing pin or retention type. Dimensional match: Marine clevis fittings are designed to a specific pin diameter and the WLL is rated for that exact diameter. Do not mix pin diameters across a fitting family. Inspection interval: Standing rigging clevis pins should be inspected at each annual rig inspection and whenever the rig is unstepped. Look for pitting, crevice corrosion at the pin-to-fitting interface, surface blistering and any visible bending of the pin shank. Clevis pins in load-rated rigging hardware — bow shackles, dee shackles, clevis shortening hooks, master links — are purpose-designed components with defined WLLs and are not interchangeable with standard DIN 1444 pins. See the Bow Shackle Guide for load-rated rigging hardware. For turnbuckles with jaw (clevis) ends, see the Turnbuckle Guide. Clevis Pin Inspection and Maintenance Clevis pins are wear items. In high-cycle or abrasive applications, periodic inspection and timely replacement prevents joint failure and the associated downtime and safety risk. What to Inspect Pin diameter wear: Measure the pin at the primary shear plane (midpoint between the clevis ears, where loading is concentrated). More than 5% reduction from nominal diameter is cause for replacement. For a 12mm pin, that is 11.4mm — visible with a vernier caliper. Flats and grooving: A pin that has been prevented from rotating (by a too-tight fit or a seized cross-hole) will develop wear flats on one side. A grooved or flatted pin should be replaced even if the diameter reduction is less than 5%, as the remaining section at the wear flat may be below the load-bearing minimum. Cross-hole condition: Check that the cross-hole is clear, the edges are not mushroomed, and a new split pin or R-clip will seat correctly. A mushroomed cross-hole mouth prevents proper split pin installation and is a sign of previous incorrect assembly (oversized split pin forced through). Clevis ear condition: Inspect the clevis bracket holes as well as the pin. An oval hole (worn from round) accelerates further pin wear and may allow the pin to shift laterally under load. A mildly oval hole can sometimes be reamed to the next standard size up with a matching larger pin; a severely worn or cracked clevis ear requires bracket replacement. Corrosion: Surface rust on zinc-plated pins is cosmetic; pitting that has reduced the shank cross-section is cause for replacement. In stainless pins, look for crevice corrosion (dark discolouration at the pin-to-fitting interface) and pitting in the shank. Do not abrade or polish away pitting — replace the pin. Lubrication Clevis pins in rotating or oscillating applications benefit from periodic lubrication. A light application of general-purpose grease at assembly reduces friction-induced wear and helps prevent fretting corrosion at the shear plane. In agricultural equipment, a grease nipple in the clevis ear body is common practice on high-wear connections. In marine applications, anti-seize compound (not grease) on stainless pins prevents galling during assembly and reduces crevice corrosion risk at the pin-fitting interface. How to Choose the Right Clevis Pin Follow these steps to select the correct clevis pin for any application: Step 1 — Determine the required diameter Measure the hole diameter in the clevis ears with a vernier caliper. The pin diameter should be a close sliding fit — for a DIN 1444 h11 tolerance pin in a standard H12 clevis hole, there will be approximately 0.1–0.3mm clearance. If the clevis hole has worn oval, ream it to the next standard size up and fit a correspondingly larger pin. Step 2 — Determine the required grip length Measure the combined thickness of both clevis ears and the mating component at the pin centreline. The grip length of the pin (from head underside to cross-hole centre) should equal this combined thickness, plus 3–5mm to allow the split pin or R-clip to be fitted clear of the outer ear face. If the mating component has a boss or bearing surface that floats axially on the pin, account for the full float range when calculating the required grip length. Step 3 — Select the pin form For most agricultural, industrial and maintenance applications: DIN 1444 Form B (drilled cross-hole) with split pin or R-clip. For frequently adjusted connections (implement depth settings, drawbar adjusters): Form B with R-clip. For hydraulic cylinder rod and base-end connections: shoulder/headless type to match the cylinder specification. For adjustable implement toolbar connections: multi-hole type. Step 4 — Select the material General industrial or agricultural in sheltered conditions: mild steel zinc-plated. Exposed outdoor agricultural in wet conditions: hot-dip galvanised. Coastal, marine, food-processing or chemical environments: Grade 316 stainless. Load-rated lifting or structural: rated clevis pin to WLL specification — not a DIN 1444 commercial pin. Step 5 — Select the retention method Infrequent assembly, safety-critical: split pin (positive, one-use, cheap). Frequent field adjustment: R-clip (reusable, tool-free). High-vibration with infrequent adjustment: wire lock pin or castle nut + split pin. Size the split pin or R-clip to the cross-hole diameter in the DIN 1444 specification for the selected pin diameter — these are directly correlated and documented in the standard. How to Identify a Replacement Clevis Pin When the original pin has been lost, worn beyond recognition or the equipment documentation is unavailable, use this procedure: Measure the clevis hole diameter with a vernier caliper — measure at two points 90° apart to check for oval wear. If the hole is oval, the measurement at the minor axis (smallest diameter) is your target pin size. Record in millimetres. Measure the clevis ear thickness on each ear individually, and the thickness of the mating component. Add these three measurements together for the required grip length (plus the 3–5mm cross-hole clearance allowance). Check the cross-hole position on any remaining section of the old pin — the distance from the tip of the shank to the cross-hole centre tells you whether the grip length calculation is correct. Determine metric or imperial — if the clevis hole measures exactly 9.5mm, 12.7mm, 15.9mm or another imperial inch-fraction equivalent, you are dealing with an imperial-specification fitting. Cross-reference with the imperial size table above. Identify the correct material from the operating environment — marine, coastal or food-processing environment specifies Grade 316 stainless. General industrial or agricultural specifies zinc-plated mild steel unless extended corrosion resistance is needed. Check the retention end geometry — confirm whether the original pin had a drilled cross-hole (DIN 1444 Form B), a threaded end, a snap-ring groove or a different retention feature. Do not fit a Form B pin into an assembly designed for a threaded-end pin without understanding why the design specified threaded retention. If you are unsure after measuring, bring the worn pin (or the clevis ear assembly if it can be removed) to the AIMS counter. Our team can cross-reference to the correct stocked size and confirm material specification. Clevis Pins at AIMS Industrial AIMS stocks a comprehensive range of clevis pins for general industrial, agricultural and maintenance applications across Australia: DIN 1444 Form B metric clevis pins in mild steel zinc-plated — M5 through M30, standard length range Grade 316 stainless steel clevis pins — metric sizes M6 through M20 Imperial clevis pins — 3/16" through 3/4" diameter for maintenance of older US and British-origin equipment Champion CPMH01 multi-hole clevis pins for adjustable implement connections Matching R-clips (hairpin cotters / lynch pins), split pins and wire lock pins View the full clevis pin range at AIMS Industrial → For volume orders, agricultural fleet pin kits, non-standard lengths or help identifying a replacement, contact the AIMS team on (02) 9773 0122 or via the contact page — we carry the reference material to match most applications. Frequently Asked Questions What is a clevis pin? A clevis pin is an unthreaded cylindrical fastener that passes through a U-shaped clevis bracket and a mating component to create a pivoting joint. It is retained at one end by a split pin, R-clip or nut. Unlike a bolt, a clevis pin allows free rotation between the connected parts, making it the correct choice for joints that experience cyclic movement, oscillation or angular displacement under load. What is the difference between a clevis pin and a cotter pin? A clevis pin is the main cylindrical fastener that passes through the joint and carries the load. A cotter pin (split pin) is the retaining device inserted through the cross-hole at the end of the clevis pin to prevent it backing out. They work as a pair — the clevis pin carries the shear load; the cotter pin holds it in place. See the Split Pin & Cotter Pin Guide for full cotter pin sizing and selection. What is another name for a clevis pin? Clevis pins are called hitch pins, drawbar pins, pivot pins or implement pins in Australian agricultural usage. The retaining device may be called a split pin, cotter pin, R-clip, lynch pin or hairpin cotter depending on type and region. In marine rigging the clevis pin may simply be called a rigging pin. Is a clevis pin stronger than a bolt? Strength depends on diameter, material and grade — there is no universal answer. A standard DIN 1444 mild steel clevis pin (Grade 4.6 equivalent) is weaker in shear than a Grade 8.8 bolt of the same diameter. However, clevis pins are designed to operate in double shear and perform well in that loading mode. The correct question is whether the selected clevis pin is appropriately rated for the shear load in the joint — size, material and form matter more than a bolt comparison. What size clevis pin do I need for a Category 1 three-point linkage? Category 1 (ISO 730 / ASAE S217) lower link pins are 22.4mm diameter; the top link pin is 19.3mm diameter. For Category 2 (larger tractors), lower link pins are 28.7mm and top link is 25.5mm. Category 3 uses 37.4mm lower link pins. These are sold as 'Cat 1', 'Cat 2' and 'Cat 3' pins in Australian rural supplies and farm machinery outlets. What is the difference between an R-clip and a split pin for a clevis pin? A split pin (cotter pin) is a single-use, positively retained fastener that is bent through the cross-hole — secure, tamper-evident, but requires tools and must be replaced every time the pin is removed. An R-clip (lynch pin) is a reusable spring-steel wire clip that inserts and removes tool-free, ideal for connections adjusted regularly in the field. For safety-critical or infrequently serviced joints, use a split pin. Inspect R-clips regularly for fatigue and replace if flattened or deformed. What does DIN 1444 mean on a clevis pin? DIN 1444 is a German dimensional standard (widely adopted internationally) that specifies the nominal diameter, tolerance class (h11), cross-hole diameter and position, and head dimensions for clevis pins. Form A has no cross-hole; Form B has a drilled cross-hole for a split pin or R-clip. Purchasing to DIN 1444 ensures dimensional interchangeability with DIN 1444-compliant clevis hardware regardless of manufacturer. Can I use a Grade 304 stainless clevis pin in a marine environment? No — Grade 304 stainless is not suitable for direct saltwater or coastal marine use. It lacks the molybdenum content of Grade 316 and is susceptible to pitting and crevice corrosion in chloride environments. Grade 316 stainless is the correct specification for marine, coastal, offshore and food-processing applications where chlorides are present. In fresh water or sheltered inland environments with no chloride exposure, Grade 304 is acceptable. What is a multi-hole clevis pin used for? A multi-hole clevis pin has several cross-holes along the shank at fixed intervals, allowing the effective engagement depth to be adjusted without removing the pin. Widely used on agricultural implement depth wheels, height adjusters and toolbar connection points where the operator needs quick incremental adjustment in the field without a toolkit. The Champion CPMH01 is a commonly stocked example in Australia. How do I measure a clevis pin? Measure the shank diameter with a vernier caliper at the midpoint of the shank (away from head and cross-hole). Measure overall length from head underside to shank tip. For grip length, measure from head underside to the centreline of the cross-hole. When sizing a replacement, always measure the clevis hole diameter (not the worn pin) — worn pins understate the required size. Measure the hole at two points 90° apart to check for oval wear. Where are clevis pins used? Common Australian applications include tractor three-point linkages and drawbars, hydraulic cylinder rod-end and base-end connections, conveyor and production machinery pivot arms, trailer coupling connections, agricultural implement depth and position adjusters, rigging and lifting hardware (rated versions), marine wire rope fittings, turnbuckle jaw ends, and structural tie-rod connections. What is a headless (shoulder) clevis pin used for? A headless clevis pin is used where there is no clearance for a conventional domed head on the entry side of the joint, or where the pin must insert from either direction. Hydraulic cylinder rod-end pins are the most common application — the pin is retained by a snap ring (circlip) in a groove in the clevis ear rather than by a head. Also used in precision machinery pivots where head clearance above the clevis ear is restricted by an adjacent component. How do I choose the grip length of a clevis pin? The grip length is the usable shank from under the head to the centre of the cross-hole. Add the thickness of both clevis ears plus the part between them, then allow 3 to 5mm past the outer ear so the split pin or R-clip seats clear. Too short and the retainer won't fit; too long and the joint has axial slop. See the clevis pins range. Which coating should an outdoor clevis pin have? For sheltered indoor use, zinc-plated mild steel is fine. For exposed outdoor agricultural use, hot-dip galvanised lasts far longer. For coastal, marine or chemical exposure, use grade 316 stainless — zinc coatings and 304 stainless both corrode in salt air. Match the coating to the environment, not just the load. Why is a clevis pin loaded in double shear? In a standard clevis both ears of the bracket support the pin, so the load is carried across two shear planes at once. This double-shear arrangement lets a modest-diameter pin carry a high load, and is why a clevis pin of a given size is effectively stronger in a clevis than the same pin supported at one end only. Match the pin diameter and material to the load. Besides a split pin, how else can a clevis pin be retained? As well as a split pin (cotter pin), a clevis pin can be held by an R-clip (lynch pin) for tool-free, reusable retention on frequently adjusted joints, by a wire lock pin for vibration-resistant tool-free service, or by a threaded end with a nyloc nut where positive non-backing-out retention is needed. Size the retainer to the cross-hole. See cotter pins for the matching split pins. Need to read an engineering drawing? Our GD&T Symbols Guide explains every common geometric tolerance symbol. Pair this with our Metric Bolt Torque Chart for the recommended tightening torque at every M-series bolt.
Read moreSplit Pin & Cotter Pin Guide: Types, Sizes, Installation and Removal
What is a cotter pin? A cotter pin (called a split pin in Australian workshops) is a folded length of soft metal wire inserted through a drilled hole in a shaft or bolt, with the two legs bent apart to lock the assembly. The pin's only job is to stop a castle nut, clevis pin, or shaft collar from rotating loose. Sized by diameter and length (3mm × 25mm, 4mm × 40mm etc.), commonly stainless or zinc-plated steel, specified to ISO 1234 / DIN 94 (the metric dimensional standard for split pins). Are cotter pins and split pins the same thing? Yes — "cotter pin" (US) and "split pin" (Australia, UK) are the same fastener. The term "cotter" originally referred to a tapered wedge pin used in bicycle cranks; modern usage covers both. AIMS stocks both metric and imperial sizes under the split pin name. A cotter pin — called a split pin in Australian workshops, trade stores, and on engineering drawings — is one of the most fundamental fasteners in industrial and agricultural use. It does one job and does it well: it prevents a nut, pin, or shaft from moving by passing through a drilled hole and bending to lock the assembly. No threads, no torque spec, no adhesive. Just a small piece of bent wire that holds everything in place. The confusion starts with the name. In Australia, "split pin" is the dominant trade term. In the United States and on many product labels, the same item is called a "cotter pin." Both refer to the standard two-pronged, U-section fastener governed by DIN 94 / ISO 1234. Related but distinct products — R-clips, lynch pins, hammer lock cotters — are frequently confused with split pins and with each other. This guide covers all of them: what they are, which sizes to use, correct installation technique, removal, and material selection. If you work with machinery, agricultural equipment, automotive, or rigging, this is the reference article for the whole family of pin-retention fasteners. For clevis pins, shackles, and wire rope rigging where split pins secure clevis assemblies, see our Wire Rope & Rigging Guide. AIMS Industrial stocks split cotter pins in metric and imperial sizes, SS316 stainless, assortment packs, and R-clips — browse the full range here. Split Pin / Cotter Pin Quick Reference — ISO 1234 Metric Sizes In Australia, "split pin" and "cotter pin" refer to the same fastener — a folded wire pin inserted through a drilled hole and bent to lock parts in place (per ISO 1234 for metric sizes). The nominal diameter matches the drilled hole; the actual wire diameter is ~0.05mm undersize to allow insertion. Standard metric sizes range from 0.6mm to 13mm nominal. Nominal Ø (mm) Recommended Hole Ø Common Length Range Typical Use 1.6 1.7 mm 10–32 mm Light hardware, hobby, model-engineering 2.0 2.1 mm 10–40 mm Castle nut M8-M10, small linkage 2.5 2.6 mm 16–50 mm Castle nut M10-M12, trailer hardware 3.2 3.4 mm 18–63 mm Castle nut M12-M14, trailer hubs 4.0 4.2 mm 20–80 mm Castle nut M14-M16, agricultural linkage 5.0 5.2 mm 25–100 mm Heavy machinery, large castle nuts 6.3 6.6 mm 32–125 mm Truck axles, castle nuts M20+ 8.0 8.5 mm 40–160 mm Heavy plant, very large castle nuts What Is a Cotter Pin (Split Pin)? A cotter pin (split pin) is a metal fastener made from a length of wire folded in half to form a U-section with a rounded head (the eye) at the fold. The two prongs (legs or tines) of the pin are inserted through a transverse hole in a bolt, shaft, or clevis pin, and then bent apart on the exit side to prevent withdrawal. The bent legs bear against the surface and resist any force that would pull the pin back through the hole. The classic pairing for a split pin on a rotating shaft assembly is the castellated (castle) nut — for slot count, AS 1112.4 / ISO 7035 dimensions and torque-to-slot-alignment technique, see the dedicated castle nut guide. The mechanism is simple and reliable: the pin occupies the hole snugly, and the bent legs create a mechanical lock that cannot be pulled out without deliberately straightening them first. This is why split pins are used as safety-retention fasteners rather than as load-carrying fasteners. Their job is not to bear the fastener load — the bolt or castle nut does that — but to ensure the bolt or nut cannot back off even if the primary clamping load is lost. 📌 Single-use only: Split cotter pins are designed to be used once. After removal, the legs are work-hardened from bending and are more likely to crack when re-bent. Always fit a new pin when reassembling. This is not a cost consideration — a pack of 50 pins costs a few dollars. It is a safety principle. How Cotter Pins Work in a Joint The most common application is securing a castellated (castle) nut on a threaded shaft. The nut is tightened to its specified torque, the castellation slot is aligned with the drilled hole through the bolt shank, and the split pin is inserted through both. When the legs are bent, the assembly cannot loosen — even if vibration or shock loads would otherwise cause the nut to back off. The split pin does not carry axial load. It is a failsafe that keeps the nut in position. The same principle applies to clevis pins: a clevis pin passes through a clevis bracket and a connecting rod eye, and a split pin through the transverse hole at the end of the clevis pin prevents the pin from withdrawing from the clevis. Cotter Pin vs Split Pin: Australian Terminology In Australia, "split pin" is the standard workshop and trade term. You will hear "split pin" from mechanics, agricultural engineers, riggers, and trade counter staff. Engineering drawings produced to Australian standards typically use "split pin." The term "cotter pin" appears on product labels (particularly Champion brand and US-origin products), in some engineering reference material, and is the dominant term in North America. Both terms refer to the same fastener: the two-pronged U-section wire pin standardised under DIN 94 / ISO 1234. In this guide, both terms are used interchangeably — they are the same product. ℹ️ Note on "cotter" in older engineering usage: In 19th and early 20th century engineering, a "cotter" referred to a tapered flat key used to lock machine components — the type still found on bicycle bottom bracket axles. This is a completely different fastener. The split pin (two-pronged wire pin) acquired the name "cotter pin" through common usage, not because it is a true cotter. The tapered flat key type is rarely encountered in modern industrial contexts. Types of Split Pins (Cotter Pins) Standard Split Cotter Pin (the common type) The standard split cotter pin is what almost all references to "split pin" or "cotter pin" mean. Made from wire folded to a U-section, it has two prongs of equal length that are spread after installation. Available in zinc-plated mild steel, stainless steel (A2 Grade 304 and A4 Grade 316), and brass. Governed by DIN 94 / ISO 1234. This is what AIMS Industrial stocks in metric sizes from 1.6mm to 8mm diameter in zinc plate and SS316, plus imperial sizes in assortment packs. Installation: insert the pin through the hole until the eye is flush with the entry face. Spread the prongs — one bent back over the nut or fitting (wrap-around method) or one forward and one back (cross-bend method). Both methods are acceptable for non-critical applications. See the installation section below for the correct technique for safety-critical joints. Hammer Lock Cotter Pin A hammer lock cotter pin has a hinged or locking tab that is driven closed with a hammer after installation, positively locking the legs in the spread position. These are used in high-vibration environments where there is a risk that standard bent prongs could gradually straighten over time — specifically in railway, heavy plant, and mining applications. Less common in general industrial use. Not standard stock at AIMS but available to order. Extended Prong Cotter Pin An extended prong cotter pin has legs of different lengths — one significantly longer than the other — to allow the longer leg to wrap fully around the shaft or fastener for a more positive retention. Specified in some aerospace and defence assembly standards (notably AS/NZS and MIL-spec documents) for safety-critical flight control and structural fasteners. In commercial industrial use, the standard equal-prong type is used in the vast majority of applications. R-Clips (Hairpin Cotter Pins): A Different Fastener for Quick-Release Applications An R-clip — also called a hairpin cotter pin, R-pin, hitch pin clip, or bridge pin — looks nothing like a standard split pin. It is made from a single piece of spring-tempered wire bent into a shape resembling the letter R. The straight leg inserts through the pin hole; the curved spring section grips the shaft to retain it. R-clips are designed for quick manual installation and removal without tools and are reusable — the spring wire returns to shape when removed. R-clips are the correct choice when an assembly needs to be opened and closed repeatedly: trailer hitch pin retention, implement attachment on three-point linkages, agricultural equipment that is regularly fitted and removed, and gate pins. They are not a substitute for split pins in safety-critical permanent or semi-permanent joints — the spring retention of an R-clip is lighter than the positive mechanical lock of a bent split pin. ⚠️ R-clip vs split pin: do not substitute in safety-critical joints. An R-clip can work loose under sustained vibration in ways that a correctly installed bent split pin cannot. For castellated nut retention on brake components, steering joints, suspension, and other safety-critical fasteners, use a standard split cotter pin and bend it correctly. R-clips are for quick-release applications, not safety retention. AIMS Industrial stocks R-clips in a range of sizes and assortment kits — Austlift, Champion, and GJ Works brands — available individually and in assortment sets covering shaft sizes from 3/8" to 1". Browse R-clips at AIMS Industrial. R-Clip Size Selection R-clips are sized by the shaft diameter they are designed to grip — not by the hole diameter. The key dimension is the inside diameter of the circular grip section, which must match the shaft. Measure the shaft (hitch pin, clevis pin, or fastener shank), not the hole, when selecting an R-clip size. Common shaft sizes in agricultural and trailer applications are 1/2", 5/8", 3/4", 7/8", and 1". Lynch Pins and Linch Pins A lynch pin (also spelled linch pin) is a distinctly different fastener that is frequently confused with split cotter pins and R-clips. A lynch pin secures a wheel, implement, or component to an axle or shaft by passing through a hole and using a spring-loaded clip or keeper that snaps over the shaft end to hold the pin in position. Lynch pins are larger, heavier, and designed for higher loads than split pins or R-clips. The defining characteristic of a lynch pin is that it can only be fitted at the end of a shaft or axle — not at an intermediate point — because it captures the shaft end between the pin head and the keeper clip. They are the standard retention pin for agricultural wheels on three-point linkage implement hubs, power harrows, disc tillers, and trailer axles. Feature Split Cotter Pin R-Clip Lynch Pin Reusable? No — single use Yes Yes Installation Bend legs with pliers Tool-free, push in Push in, keeper clips over shaft Removal Straighten with pliers, discard Pull tab, remove Pull keeper, withdraw pin Load capacity Low (safety retention only) Low (quick-release) Medium-high (axle retention) Shaft position Any transverse hole Any transverse hole End of shaft only Primary use Castle nuts, clevis pins Hitch pins, quick-release Wheel and implement retention Split Pin Sizes: DIN 94 Metric Sizing Guide Split cotter pins are dimensioned by two measurements: nominal diameter (the wire diameter, which equals approximately half the pin width across the U-section) and length (from the eye to the tip of the shorter leg). The nominal diameter determines the hole fit; the length must be sufficient to allow the legs to be bent after passing through the material. The correct diameter is one that fits snugly in the hole with minimal lateral play. DIN 94 specifies that the pin diameter should be approximately 0.1–0.4mm smaller than the hole diameter. A loose-fitting pin in an oversized hole will rattle under vibration and can wear through the hole over time, allowing withdrawal. Do not use a pin that requires significant force to insert — the hole is likely undersized. Nominal Diameter Fits Hole Diameter Common Length Range AIMS Stock 1.0mm 1.0–1.4mm 10–16mm — 1.2mm 1.2–1.6mm 12–20mm — 1.6mm 1.6–2.0mm 14–32mm ✓ Zinc plate & SS316 2.0mm 2.0–2.4mm 16–40mm ✓ Zinc plate & SS316 2.5mm 2.5–3.0mm 20–50mm ✓ Zinc plate & SS316 3.2mm 3.2–3.6mm 25–63mm ✓ Zinc plate & SS316 4.0mm 4.0–4.5mm 32–80mm ✓ Zinc plate & SS316 5.0mm 5.0–5.5mm 40–100mm ✓ Zinc plate & SS316 6.3mm 6.3–7.0mm 50–125mm ✓ Zinc plate & SS316 8.0mm 8.0–8.8mm 63–160mm ✓ Zinc plate & SS316 10.0mm 10.0–11.0mm 80–180mm Available on request 13.0mm 13.0–14.0mm 100–200mm Available on request Imperial Split Pin Sizes Imperial cotter pins remain common in Australian agricultural and older machinery applications — particularly equipment originally built to American or British inch specifications. AIMS stocks imperial assortment packs covering the most commonly used sizes. Imperial Size Metric Equivalent (approx.) Common Applications 1/16" 1.6mm Small clevis pins, light fasteners 3/32" 2.4mm Light agricultural, instrument linkages 1/8" 3.2mm General agricultural, hitch pins 5/32" 4.0mm Medium agricultural equipment 3/16" 4.8mm Three-point linkage, trailer components 1/4" 6.4mm Heavy hitch pins, large clevis assemblies 5/16" 7.9mm Heavy-duty agricultural and plant 💡 Assortment packs for workshops: If you use split pins across a range of equipment in different sizes, a metric assortment pack is the practical choice. AIMS stocks the Grip 1000-piece metric assortment, the Champion 795-piece assortment, and the Workshop Buddy 280-piece grab kit. A single assortment pack handles the 1.6mm–8mm size range that covers the large majority of agricultural, automotive, and industrial applications. View assortment options. Material Guide: Zinc-Plated Steel vs Stainless Steel Zinc-Plated Mild Steel (Standard) Zinc-plated mild steel is the default material for split cotter pins and the correct choice for the majority of industrial, agricultural, automotive, and general-purpose applications. Zinc plating provides light corrosion resistance — adequate for indoor and protected outdoor environments where the fastener is not subject to salt spray, prolonged water immersion, or aggressive chemical exposure. The zinc coating also makes the pin easy to see (the bright silver finish is visible during inspection) and provides mild galvanic protection to surrounding ferrous components. Zinc-plated pins should not be used in direct salt water contact, food processing environments, or chemical environments where zinc corrodes rapidly. The zinc layer is relatively thin on fasteners — typically 5–8 microns — and will not survive extended marine exposure. Grade 316 Stainless Steel SS316 (A4 grade) cotter pins are the correct choice for marine applications, food processing equipment, chemical plant, and other environments where zinc-plated steel would corrode. Grade 316 offers superior chloride resistance compared to 304, making it the right material for coastal and offshore environments. One practical note on stainless split pins: they are softer than zinc-plated steel and the legs must be bent carefully to avoid cracking. Apply steady plier pressure rather than sharp bends. This is less of an issue with 316 than with some 304 grade pins, but applies to both. AIMS stocks SS316 in the full 1.6mm–8mm range matching the zinc-plated range. Brass Brass split pins are used in specific electrical and non-sparking applications — switchgear, flameproof enclosures, and environments where ferrous materials are prohibited. Not standard AIMS stock but available on request for specific applications. Where Split Pins Are Used: Applications by Fastener Type Castellated (Castle) Nuts The most common application in automotive, agricultural, and mechanical engineering. A castellated nut has six slots cut around its crown that correspond to a drilled hole in the bolt or shaft. When the nut is tightened to torque and the slots align with the hole, the split pin passes through both, and its bent legs lock the nut in position. Used on wheel hub nuts, suspension ball joints, tie rod ends, steering rack adjusters, and any joint where the nut must be positively retained against vibration-induced loosening and the joint may need future disassembly. Alignment is critical: the nut must be tightened to its specified torque, then further turned (not backed off) until the nearest slot aligns with the bolt hole. On some designs this requires precise torque specification and slot positioning. Never back off the nut to achieve alignment — this reduces clamp load in the joint. Clevis Pins A clevis pin connects a clevis bracket to a rod end or yoke. The pin passes through aligned holes in the clevis fork and the connecting component, with a head on one end preventing full withdrawal. The split pin passes through the transverse hole at the opposite (shank) end of the clevis pin, retaining it in the assembly. Used extensively in lifting and rigging, hydraulic cylinder mounts, trailer hitches, and agricultural three-point linkage connections. Axle and Shaft Pins On wheel axles, swivel joints, and shaft pin assemblies, split pins pass through a hole in the shaft end to retain a washer or component against withdrawal. This is the axle pin retention application seen on garden equipment, small trailers, and older vehicle axles — distinct from castellated nut retention but using the same pin and technique. Hitch Pins and Drawbar Pins Hitch pins (the large straight pins used to connect implements to tractor drawbars and three-point linkages) are retained by either a split pin or an R-clip through their transverse hole. Where the pin is fitted and removed repeatedly, an R-clip is the practical choice. Where the pin is semi-permanent (fitted and left in position for extended periods), a split pin is more secure. How to Install a Cotter Pin: Step-by-Step Correct installation takes about 60 seconds and requires only a pair of pliers. The steps below apply to the standard split cotter pin in all applications. Select the correct size. The pin diameter must fit snugly in the hole — no lateral play. The pin length must be sufficient for the legs to extend fully past the exit face and allow bending. For castellated nuts, confirm the nut is at the correct torque and the slot is aligned with the hole before selecting pin length. Insert the pin eye-first. Push the pin through the hole from the inside face (or from the bolt side on a castellated nut) until the eye is flush with or slightly inside the entry face. Both legs should extend past the exit face by at least the pin diameter — if they do not extend enough, select a longer pin. Spread the legs. Using pliers, bend one leg back against the face of the nut or fitting, bending it 90° or more so it lies flat against the surface. Bend the other leg in the opposite direction — forward along the bolt shank or around the shaft. This is the correct two-direction bend that provides positive retention in both rotational directions. Verify the installation. The eye should be flush or slightly recessed at the entry face. The bent legs should be in contact with the surface — not projecting freely. A correctly installed pin cannot be pulled out by hand. The legs should not be so sharply bent that they show cracking at the bend radius. ⚠️ The correct bend technique for safety-critical joints: For brake components, steering, suspension, and lifting equipment, bend one leg fully back over the nut face (wrap it around the nut crown if length permits) and one leg forward along the bolt. This prevents withdrawal in both directions. Do not bend both legs the same direction — this reduces retention in one direction and is an installation error on safety-critical fasteners. Castellated Nut Installation Sequence Thread the nut and tighten to the specified torque. Check slot alignment with the bolt hole. If the slot does not align, continue tightening (do not loosen) to the next alignment position — typically within 60° of additional rotation on a hex nut with three slot pairs. If alignment cannot be achieved within acceptable torque range, consult the assembly specification. Some designs use a thick washer to adjust alignment position. Insert the split pin and bend as described above. Inspect the completed assembly — the pin should not move when the nut is held and the pin eye is pulled. How to Remove a Cotter Pin Removal requires straightening the bent legs sufficiently to allow withdrawal. The process is straightforward but requires care to avoid damaging the surrounding material or breaking the pin legs during removal (a broken leg left in the hole creates a follow-on problem). Identify the bent legs. On a correctly installed pin, one leg is bent back against the nut face and one forward along the shaft. Determine which direction each leg needs to be straightened. Straighten the legs. Using needle-nose pliers, grip the bent portion of each leg as close to the eye as possible and bend back toward the straight position. Work gradually — do not apply a sharp one-motion bend, as this increases the risk of cracking a hardened leg partway through, which can leave a fragment in the hole. You do not need the legs to be perfectly straight — just enough for the pin to withdraw without catching. Withdraw the pin. Grip the eye with pliers and pull the pin out of the hole. If it catches, straighten the legs a little further. Do not lever or pry the pin — this can damage the hole or the surrounding casting. Discard the pin. Do not reuse. Set out a new pin before reassembly. What If the Pin Is Corroded or Seized? On pins that have been in service for extended periods in outdoor or marine environments, corrosion can bond the pin to the hole. Apply a penetrating lubricant (CRC, Inox, or WD-40) to the pin and allow 10–15 minutes to penetrate before attempting removal. On severely corroded pins, the safest approach is to drill the pin out at the hole diameter — a 3.2mm drill on a 3.2mm pin — rather than risk breaking a seized leg and losing it in the hole. After drilling, clean and inspect the hole for elongation before fitting a replacement pin. Can You Reuse a Cotter Pin? No. This is not a preference — it is a safety principle. When a split pin leg is bent during installation, the metal at the bend undergoes work hardening. The crystalline structure of the wire changes at the bend point, making the material harder but also more brittle. When you attempt to re-bend that hardened zone during removal (straightening) and reinstallation (re-bending), you are applying strain to an already-stressed material. The leg is significantly more likely to crack at the original bend radius during the second bend cycle than it would have been during the first. A cracked pin leg that breaks off during reassembly and remains in the assembly is a foreign-object contamination risk. A pin that appears intact but has internal micro-cracking at the bend may fail under vibration after a short service interval — with no external warning sign. Split pins are low-cost consumables. A pack of 50 Champion metric pins costs a few dollars. There is no rational case for reusing a pin that costs a fraction of a cent to replace. Always fit a new pin at every assembly. Common Mistakes 1. Using the Wrong Size Diameter A pin that is too small for the hole will rattle and allow movement of the retained component. Under vibration, the pin wears the hole oval, progressively worsening the fit until the pin withdraws. Match the pin diameter to the hole within the DIN 94 tolerance — snug fit with no lateral play. If in doubt, size up, not down. 2. Bending Both Legs the Same Direction Bending both legs forward (or both back) is a common installation shortcut that provides retention in only one direction. On a castellated nut, this means the nut can still potentially rotate in the direction that would loosen it if the leg is oriented incorrectly. Bend one leg each way — it takes the same amount of time and provides proper two-direction retention. 3. Using a Pin That Is Too Short If the legs barely emerge from the exit face, there is insufficient material to bend. Forcing a bend on a short leg produces a sharp bend very close to the eye, which concentrates stress at the exit point rather than along the leg. Select a length where the legs extend at least one pin-diameter past the exit face before bending. 4. Reusing a Pin Covered above. Do not reuse. Replace at every assembly. 5. Using an R-Clip Instead of a Split Pin in a Safety-Critical Joint R-clips are designed for quick-release applications. Their spring retention is adequate for trailer hitch pins and agricultural implement attachment, but is not equivalent to a correctly bent split pin for safety-critical retention of brake, steering, or lifting equipment fasteners. If the service manual or engineering specification calls for a split pin, fit a split pin. 6. Not Checking Slot Alignment Before Inserting the Pin On castellated nuts, the slot must align with the hole. If the hole is not visible through the slot with the nut at correct torque, the pin cannot be properly installed — and the temptation is to back the nut off slightly to achieve alignment, which reduces joint clamp load. The correct response is to use a different washer thickness, consult the assembly spec, or source a castellated nut with different slot geometry. Never back off a nut to achieve cotter pin alignment. 7. Ignoring Pin Condition on Maintenance Inspections Split pins degrade in service — corrosion, fatigue from vibration, and physical damage from contact with surrounding components. On safety-critical fasteners (brake calipers, ball joints, wheel hubs, lifting equipment), include split pin inspection in every maintenance interval. A bent, corroded, or fractured pin should be replaced immediately. Replace proactively on any safety-critical fastener during routine service rather than waiting for inspection to reveal damage. Small part. Big job. Shop split pins, R-clips & cotter pins — zinc plate & stainless stocked From DIN 94 zinc plated split pins for general use to stainless A2 for marine and outdoor applications — AIMS Industrial stocks split pins, R-clips, and hair pins across all metric sizes, ready to ship Australia-wide. Browse split pins & R-clips Talk to a specialist Frequently Asked Questions What is a cotter pin used for? A cotter pin (split pin) is used to retain fasteners — particularly castellated nuts, clevis pins, and axle pins — against loosening or withdrawal. It passes through a transverse hole and its legs are bent to prevent it from backing out. The pin does not carry load — it prevents movement of the component it retains. What is the difference between a cotter pin and a split pin? There is no functional difference. In Australia, "split pin" is the standard workshop term. In the United States and on many product labels, the same fastener is called a "cotter pin." Both refer to the two-pronged U-section wire fastener standardised under DIN 94 / ISO 1234. What size cotter pin do I need? Select a pin whose nominal diameter fits snugly in the hole — no lateral play. The pin should be approximately 0.1–0.4mm smaller than the hole diameter (DIN 94 fit). For length, the pin must extend past the exit face by at least one pin-diameter to allow the legs to be bent. Check the hole diameter with a drill or pin gauge if the correct size is unknown. Can you reuse a cotter pin after removal? No. Bending work-hardens the pin legs. A re-bent leg is significantly more likely to crack than a new pin bent for the first time. Split pins are single-use consumables — always fit a new pin when reassembling. They are inexpensive and the cost saving from reuse is not worth the safety risk. How do you install a cotter pin correctly? Insert the pin through the hole until the eye is flush with the entry face. Using pliers, bend one leg back against the nut face or fitting surface at 90° or more. Bend the other leg in the opposite direction — forward along the bolt shank. The two-direction bend prevents withdrawal in both rotational directions. Do not bend both legs the same way. How do you remove a cotter pin? Grip the bent portion of each leg with needle-nose pliers and gradually straighten toward the original straight position. Work carefully to avoid snapping a corroded leg inside the hole. Once the legs are sufficiently straight, grip the eye with pliers and withdraw the pin. Discard the used pin — do not reuse. What is an R-clip and how is it different from a split pin? An R-clip (hairpin cotter pin, hitch pin clip) is a spring-wire fastener shaped like the letter R that provides quick tool-free retention for hitch pins and clevis pins. Unlike a split pin, R-clips are reusable and designed for frequent assembly and disassembly. They are not a substitute for split pins in safety-critical joints — their spring retention is lighter than a correctly bent split pin. What is the difference between a cotter pin and a lynch pin? A lynch pin (linch pin) is a larger, heavier pin with a spring-loaded keeper that snaps over the end of a shaft or axle to retain it. Lynch pins can only be used at the end of a shaft, not at an intermediate hole position. They are used for wheel and implement retention on agricultural equipment. A cotter pin passes through any transverse hole and is retained by bending its legs — a different mechanism and application. When should I use stainless steel cotter pins? Use SS316 stainless steel cotter pins in marine environments (boats, coastal machinery, offshore equipment), food processing equipment, chemical plant with corrosive exposure, and any application where zinc-plated steel would corrode prematurely. SS316 is the correct grade for chloride environments. For general industrial, agricultural, and automotive use, zinc-plated steel is appropriate and more economical. What is a castellated nut and how does a cotter pin secure it? A castellated nut (castle nut) has slots cut around its crown that allow a split pin to pass through after the nut is tightened. The pin passes through the nut slot and the drilled hole in the bolt or shaft. With its legs bent, the pin positively locks the nut against rotation in either direction — even if vibration would otherwise cause loosening. Used on wheel hubs, suspension joints, tie rod ends, and other fasteners requiring positive retention. What is the DIN 94 standard for split pins? DIN 94 (equivalent to ISO 1234 and BS 1574) specifies the dimensional requirements for split cotter pins — wire diameter, length, eye diameter, leg spread, and material requirements. Metric split pins conforming to DIN 94 are available in nominal diameters from 1.0mm to 13.0mm. The standard defines the fit tolerance between pin diameter and hole diameter, and the minimum leg length required for installation. How do you bend a cotter pin correctly after installation? After inserting the pin, use pliers to bend one leg back at 90° or more against the nut face or the surrounding surface — the leg should be in contact with the surface, not projecting freely. Bend the second leg in the opposite direction, forward along the bolt shank or wrapped around the shaft. Each leg should be bent smoothly without sharp kinks. The completed installation should be firm — the pin should not move when the eye is pulled by hand. For thread specs, grade markings and metric-to-imperial conversions, see our Fastener Reference Guide. What is a split pin used for? Split pins are used to lock castle nuts, clevis pins, axle nuts, and similar fasteners against rotation or sideways movement. They pass through a cross-drilled hole in the shaft or fastener and have their legs bent over to retain them in place. Common applications include trailer hitches, steering linkages, towing equipment, agricultural machinery, and any joint where a nut must not back off. Is a split pin the same as a cotter pin? Yes — they describe the same fastener under different names. Split pin is the Australian and British term; cotter pin is the American term. Both refer to a hairpin-shaped wire fastener with two legs that pass through a hole and bend over to lock the joint. They come in standard diameters from around 1mm up to 13mm and various lengths. How do you remove a split pin? Straighten the bent legs with pliers or a small punch, then pull the pin out through the hole using pliers or pull it from the head end with a hooked tool. Split pins are designed for one use — once straightened and removed, fit a new pin rather than reusing the old one. Reused pins fatigue and can break in service. What size split pin do I need? Match the split pin diameter to the cross-hole in the fastener. Common sizes for automotive and trailer work are 3mm and 4mm; light machinery typically uses 2mm or 2.5mm; heavy equipment uses 5mm or 6mm. The pin should pass through the hole snugly with little play. Length should be enough to bend both legs over the nut or shaft without protruding excessively. For matched forming tools, browse the AIMS pipe and tube bender range (manual lever, hydraulic, and dedicated tube benders). What material should I use — mild steel, stainless, or brass? Mild steel (zinc-plated for corrosion resistance) is the standard for most workshop and automotive use. 304 or 316 stainless steel is used in marine, food-processing, medical, chemical, and outdoor environments where corrosion resistance matters. Brass is used in electrical contact applications where non-magnetic and non-sparking properties are required. Match the pin material to the joint material to avoid galvanic corrosion. What if the cotter pin will not come out? Cut the bent legs off flush with the joint face using side cutters or a mini bolt cutter. Then drive the pin body through the hole with a matching-diameter punch and a light hammer. If corrosion has locked the pin in the hole, apply penetrating oil and let it soak, then drive out with a punch. Never twist or force sideways — that snaps the pin inside the hole and creates a much bigger problem. Are cotter pins load-bearing? No. Cotter pins are RETENTION fasteners, not load-bearing. They hold a nut, clevis pin, or castle nut in position — they do not carry primary shear or tensile load. Never rely on a cotter pin as a structural element or primary safety catch. If a load path passes through a pin, use a properly rated clevis pin or shear pin engineered for that duty.
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